Policy making in the federal system Research Paper

Strategy making in the government framework - Research Paper Example streets and connects), and forestalling mishaps. States will decide their own targets for improving freight moves, decreasing blockage, modernizing frameworks, and guaranteeing security. Guide 21 joins various conditions to reduce down expenses and facilitate venture conveyance time (n.a., 2012, 1). This exposition investigates how MAP-21 raises the issue about the contention between state (neighborhood) and central governments, its upsides and downsides, its adequacy as a strategy, and its consistency with the established system of American federalism. At the point when the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) closed in 2009 the Congress consented to draft another transportation proposition. The Senate effectively presented an altogether drafted proposalâ€MAP-21. This Act was a significant bipartisan program (Dilger, 2012, 1). Despite the fact that government authority over surface transportation arrangement is as yet significant, MAP-21 portrays an augmentation of prior focal point of reauthorization on growing the state administrations’ official force. For example, the approach awards state governments more opportunity in the usage of administrative interstate help. It additionally allows states more opportunity by expanding the tasks qualified for assets saved for non-parkway related enhancements, as memorable preservation, remodel of rails, and ecological security. State governments were likewise given more prominent benefit to move a level of those assets, inside offered conditions, to other bureaucratic security and interstate tasks (CMAP Updates, 2012, para 4-5). Notwithstanding, some contend that the government has a commitment to ensure that bureaucratic assets are spent in the most ingenious and important manner to propel the national target of shielding nature and boosting national financial turn of events (Dilger, 2012, 2). They accept

Modernism as an Impact in Society Essay

Innovation is an innovator developments in the workmanship, its arrangement of social propensities and related social developments, initially emerging from wide-scale and expansive changes to Western culture in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. Innovation additionally dismiss the possibility of edification thinking as a well the possibility of god as an incredible individual. Innovation development is center around conventional exercises, for example, craftsmanship, design, the strict confidence, social association and day by day life, those things were gotten out of date in the monetary framework, social and political ramifications that were introduced the completely industrialized world. A case of innovation was â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderson in (1876-1941). â€Å"Sophistication† has a few questionable thoughts that propose pessimistic results on society; insolation, and independence of individuals. Propensities about innovation introduced in â€Å"sophistication† could be cause sway in wretchedness. Melancholy is a psychological state or constant mental issue described by sentiments of pity, forlornness, despair, low confidence, and remorse (Leonard). Innovation thinks about that exist a boundary that isolates past from the present. It is an impassible boundary in the creative mind of advancement. It? s cause the experience of disappoint which make it conceivable to catch the honesty of early days. Innovation recommend that all individuals have disappoint under any circumstances, this baffle encourages individuals to beat the issue and furthermore considers the to be as a choice to improve their live. Other than a thought of innovation is the baffle of individuals. Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† recommend that: The state of mind that had claimed him was a thing known to men and obscure to young men. He felt old and somewhat worn out. Recollections got up in him. To his brain his new feeling of development set him apart, made of him a half-appalling figure. He needed somebody to comprehend the inclination that had claimed him after his mother’s demise. (422) It implies that George Willard is growing up into masculinity in any case, he needs to have an individual that can grasp a few sentiments that had claimed him since he felt very surprising in his new stage. Then again, James Leonard makes differentiate about accepts that Sherwood Anderson has with respect to rigidity. He propose that frustrate cause profound sadness: â€Å"Almost any mistake, disappointment, disappointment, or breakdown of-expectations may make us tumble into an enthusiastic slump† In this point of view, baffle cause an otherworldly discouragement where individuals that are confronting issues like adjustment into society. At the point when Elizabeth, his mom, at long last passes on, George Willard is strangely unaffected from the outset. He concludes that now he will leave Winesburg. â€Å"Sitting with his mother’s cadaver, he starts to consider kissing Helen White. Having this idea while sitting close to his dead mother causes him to feel liable, and he starts to sob once more. He leaves the room, despite everything crying, defeat by a blend of fear and vulnerability. † (Anderson) However George recall things such when his mom passing hence he felt forlornness and possibly in certain minutes he was discouraged for both explanation; his mom and Helen White. Sherwood in his story â€Å"Sophistication† contentions: â€Å"The pity of modernity has gone to the kid. With a little holes he considers himself to be an only a leaf passed up the breeze through the roads of his villages†( p 423). That implies that he has reasonable for go up against the new world. He felt alone and his considerations are that he is going to kick the bucket uncertainly. Also, when individuals in the public arena are confronting circumstances that can influence their life like recollecting of past, thing like this was hard to defeat for them or achieve a few standards that society is show them such; bent related with sex, being a piece of completely industrialized world. Those thing can influence themselves. Additionally, in the event that they don't achieve those guidelines, they are segregate or they can't be a piece of the world. In some second they are called more odd individual or uncommon. The belief systems Modernism presents in Sophistication cause a few effect on society. Innovation has its own connection with independence. Therefore, they conviction are not shared by the religion. Innovation conviction that independence has relationship with freedom. Then again, â€Å"Sophistication† presents a degenerate enthusiasm on cash as a type of decline to acquire materials things. The perspective exemplified by Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† with an inconsequential citation: Helen emerged and went into the house. At the entryway prompting a nursery at the back she halted and stood tuning in. Her mom started to talk. â€Å"There is nobody here fit to connect with a young lady of Helen’s breeding,† she said. Helen ran down a stairway at the rear of the house and into the nursery. In the obscurity she halted and stood trembling. Her couldn't help thinking that the world was loaded with insignificant individuals saying words. With this model Anderson in his history attempt to show what significant are the material things for Helens mother, saying to educator that don't exist a man that can be compere with the status of Helen White. Nonetheless, Helen felt dismal in light of the fact that she imagines that in the word there are individuals who express inept things. Be that as it may, the mother doesn't consider Helen’s emotions since individuals who are realist couldn't care less about individuals who are around them. Besides Helen was thinking in George when she went to reasonable with the teacher. Moreover, Anderson assert that Helen’s thought was respect to George: Helen White was considering George Willard even as he meandered miserably through the groups thinking about her. She recalled the late spring evening when they had strolled together and needed to stroll with him once more. She felt that the months she had spent in the city, the going to theaters and the seeing of extraordinary groups meandering in lit lanes, had changed her significantly. She needed him to feel and be aware of the adjustment in her temperament. That implies that Helen is thinking in her affection and furthermore. Furthermore, she likewise was recalling things when they were in the city, those things she can't overlook since they resembled phantasy for her. Additionally, Helen White needs that George about certain adjustments in her inclination, those progressions must be with her growing up into womanhood. In any case, religion can't help contradicting this perspective that pioneer present in â€Å"Sophistication†. Religion has a few fundaments related with affection as significant column in people being. Then again, the religion censures the desire for materials thing since God instruct them in his book of scriptures that material things don't have anything to do with joy. Reina Valera makes a complexity about conviction of innovation: Make no store of riches for yourselves on earth, where it might be gone to clean by worms and climate, and where hoodlums may come in forcibly and remove it, But make a store for yourselves in paradise, where it won't be gone to tidy and where criminals don't come in to remove it: For where our riches is, there will your heart be. (Matthew 6:19, 20, 21) God guidance to make our best things the delights and wonders of the other world, those things not seen which are endless, and to put our bliss in them. Moreover, God attempts to encourage that on the off chance that we bite the dust all materials things we are going to remain in this world, thus materials things are not related with joy. To summarize, the vision of Sherwood Anderson as an innovation devotee has about the association that exist among over a wide span of time when youngsters are enduring a few changes when they are growing up how is available in â€Å"sophistication† Helen White was change her adolescence into womanhood simultaneously of George was change his youth into masculinity. However, it is additionally critical to consider that those progressions could influence their life since certain youngsters need not to be a piece of grown-up and a few minutes those progressions could be the principal reason for melancholy. All things considered, it is important to regard the observation that the religion has, it is interestingly of the aspiration of material things or to get cash. In any case, it is important to regard those convictions that each individual has about religion. Besides Reina Valera instruct us that material things don't have anything to do with satisfaction since God instruct us that it is progressively significant love since materials thing is going to remain in the earth when we kick the bucket.

Benefits of Help in Essay Writing

Benefits of Help in Essay WritingIf you are reading this article, it means that you have decided to take up help in essay writing. It is a very important decision for any student. It can either help or harm you and this should be weighed carefully before making any decisions. Here are some of the benefits that could come with help in essay writing:* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can improve your grades and self-esteem. It helps you learn to write in different genres. This has helped me a lot when I go back to school in the future.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - Your teachers can help you with essay writing. They will be more willing to provide help if you ask for it. A teacher is always sympathetic when the student asks for help.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can help others also. There are many people who do not know how to write essays and that is why they need help. If you can help them, then it can only help you.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - If you write well, then your grades will definitely go up. Remember, being educated has nothing to do with getting good grades.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - When you get help in essay writing, you will not need to be burdened by the tedious task of writing an essay. You can sit down and spend more time with your family or friends as you write your essay.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can share your essays to your friends. By doing so, you can gain acceptance and approval from them. You may even want to publish your essays in your college's newspaper and earn recognition for it.

Same Sex Marriage And Equal Rights Essay - 2005 Words

Before the issue of same-sex marriage and equal rights are approached, marriage must be defined. Marriage is a consensual, exclusive and lifelong commitment between one man and one woman, expressed in a physical union uniquely designed to produce and nurture children (Same-Sex Marriage Public Policy Statement, 2016). Marriage is both ubiquitous and central. All across our country, in every region, every social class, every race and ethnicity, every religion or non-religion, people get married. For many if not most people, moreover, marriage is not a trivial matter. It is a key to the pursuit of happiness, something people aspire to—and keep aspiring to, again and again, even when their experience has been far from happy (Nussbaum, 2009). Marriage, it soon becomes evident, is no single thing. It is plural in both content and meaning. First, marriage has a civil rights aspect. Married people get a lot of government benefits that the unmarried usually do not get: favorable treatment in tax, inheritance, and insurance status; immigration rights; rights in adoption and custody; decisional and visitation rights in health care and burial; the spousal privilege exemption when giving testimony in court; and yet others. Marriage has, second, an expressive aspect. When people get married, typically a statement of love and commitment in front of witnesses is stated. Finally, marriage has a religious aspect. Government plays a key role in all three aspects of marriage. It confers andShow MoreRelatedThe Same Sex Marriage Should Be Equal Rights1393 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutions which is based on the civil rights protection and ensure that each citizens has the right to participate in public social life. According to records, there are plenty of international civil rights declaration documents consider marriage and family as individuals or groups who are entitled to the protection of the government as human beings.† The US Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote on Friday that constitution guarantees a right to homosexual marriage which based on the constitution toRead MoreThe Fight For Equal Rights For Same Sex Marriages Across The United States1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight for Equal Rights for Same-Sex Marriages across the United States Having one loving parent is good. Having two loving parents is great. Having a mother and a father is traditional. Having two mothers or two fathers is wrong. This is what we are told to believe but as we learn from our past and grow as a society, we start to look for positive change in which our values are challenged and the truth becomes clear. It is not right to take away the basic rights of a person because ofRead MoreLegalizing Same Sex Marriage Is Not The End Of The Fight For Equal Gay Rights1801 Words   |  8 Pagesall state-level bans against same-sex marriage unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage all over the nation. While this ruling was a huge victory for the gay rights movement, it was not the end of the fight for equal gay rights. In fact, many gay people are still fighting for adoption rights, job safety, and government protections from abuse and segregation. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find solutions for a significant social issue such a s gay rights when both sides of the debateRead MoreThe Amendment Of Same Sex Marriage1441 Words   |  6 Pagesallow same sex couples to marry or have a marriage license. The Fourteenth Amendment talks about the right for Due Process. The Fourteenth Amendment protects privacy rights. Obergefell vs Hodges talks about same sex marriage. Some states did not want to give marriage licenses to the same sex and that was part of the issue in Obergefell versus Hodges. In the 1980s, it was hard to be gay or lesbian. It was considered criminal in some states. The Fourteenth Amendment does support the case of same sexRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized . The Same Sex Marriage1723 Words   |  7 Pages Same sex marriage should be legalized The same sex marriage has been widely debated in many countries for a long time. It is an important issue because it concerns basic moral and human rights. People all over the world come to the United States in search of freedom and equality. Being able to marry anyone, no matter the gender, is a freedom of right, but if that freedom of right is taken away from people than there is no equality. Homosexual peopleRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is A Matter Of Civil Law1270 Words   |  6 PagesSame-sex marriage is one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. In the past, marriage was recognized as a social union between a man and a woman and in most cultures, homosexuality was viewed as abnormal and forbidden. However, today, homosexual relationships are fighting their way towards global acceptance as the LGBT community has been extremely active, advocating for their right to marry since the early 90s. With an increased in tolerance for homosexuality in society, controversyRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Recognized?1692 Words   |  7 PagesKrisha McCoy Final Paper August 25, 2014 SHOULD GAY MARRIAGES BE RECOGNIZED ACROSS STATES There are many debates going on about whether gay-marriage should be recognized by all United States. Why is it that some states ban gay-marriage but others allow it? Why is it that some states declare that a ban on gay-marriage is unconstitutional yet others say it is not? Why is it that some states recognize gay-marriages from other states but others do not? These are some questions thatRead MoreMarriage Law : The Legal Union Of A Couple As Spouses1642 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is defined as the legal union of a couple as spouses. The elements of marriage include: (1) the parties legal ability to marry each other, (2) mutual consent of the parties and (3) a marriage contract as required by law. (Legal Information Institute, 2014, n.d.). In the United States, marriage law is regulated by the individual state. Standards such as age, residency, relation, mental capacity, and gender are requirements regulated on a state-by-state basis. Until recent changes, the DefenseRead M ore Should gay marriages be legalized? Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Should same sex marriages be legal? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years; the MP’s and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many are in favourRead MoreSupreme Court Case Study725 Words   |  3 PagesCourt had made, with a 5-4 majority, a controversial ruling decreeing that denying equal recognition to same-sex couples was in violation of the Equal Protections Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Those on the minority cited concerns of judicial restraint, the connection between marriage and procreation, and whether or not marriage is a Constitutional issue in the first place. Nevertheless, equal recognition for same-sex couples became the law of the land. History James Obergefell and his partner John

Greece And Its Cultural Literacy - 1333 Words

Home to more than 11 million people, 2000 islands, and a land border of only 735 miles long from West to East, the country of Greece is definitely noteworthy. In our constant efforts to assist the Middle East, getting to know one of their close neighbors seemed like a wise decision. Although we are not actively fighting in Greece, their proximity to Turkey has made them an unfortunate hiding place for jihadist groups. (Lister, Mantzikos 2015) Getting to know Greece; their culture, geography, military conflict history, and weather within Greece will help the U.S. Army to stay in front of any potential threats there. As well as keep us informed of the area and its people should we need to travel there. Greece and its culture Culture is defined by The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 3rd Edition, as the sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs, that distinguish one group of people from another. Culture is transmitted through language, material objects, rituals, institutions, and art, from one generation to the next. (Hirsch, Kett, Trefil, 2005) Greece is one of the oldest known places on record. Having existed for so long has created a lengthy history and it is very much a part of the culture that lives on today. 98% of the population belongs to the Greek Orthodox Church. The remaining 1.3% is Muslim and 0.7% is other. The most common language spoken in Greece is Greek. Greece s long history has become problematic for the Greek language. WrittenShow MoreRelatedJ. Population Standard of Living The total population of Bulgaria is 7.305 million people. The600 Words   |  3 PagesBulgaria that is urban is 73%. The life expectancy is 74 years of age in Bulgaria. The per capita GDP is $14,500. The literacy rate in Bulgaria is 98.4% of the population. The population of Greece is 11.28 million people. The Urban population is also 73%, which is the same as Bulgaria. The life expectancy rate is about 81 years of age. The per capita GDP is $24,900. The literacy rate in Greece is 96% of the population. The population of Turkey is 74 million people. The percentage urban population isRead MoreEssay about Technology and Literacy1668 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Literacy According to Eric Havelock, â€Å"Greek literacy changed not only the means of communication, but also the shape of the Greek consciousness. The Greek story is self-contained, yet the crisis in the communication which it describes as taking place in antiquity acquires a larger dimension when measured against what appears to be a similar crisis in modernity† (17). 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Furthermore, the assessment of both e-book usage as well as print book sales in some specific countries (Germany, Turkey and Greece), where Springer has a large eBook-penetration, shows that â€Å"not only its usage growing dramatically, the print business is not being cannibalized by eBooks, and in some cases, specifically the three countries covered in this investigation, eBooksRead MoreLiteracy : Piano : My Life1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthan Kelley Professor Adrienne DePrisco English 1113 09/13/2015 Literacy: Piano My life has always been tied to the piano in some shape or form. I can remember the first notes I ever produced. They came from a large Cable upright piano that had sat unused and out of tune for decades. From my early childhood and on my relationship with the piano consisted of nothing more than fleeting encounters. Some days I would sit down and simply play notes I thought sounded nice, but mostly the piano acted

Complan Case Study free essay sample

COMPLAN Too Much of a Good Thing? The problem of marketing Complan is somewhat unusual. It is, and it is perceived as, far superior to competing products. And that is precisely the problem. As one housewife remarked, Its too much of a good thing. Do I really need all that? The origin of Complan explains its vastly superior formulation. It was developed by Glaxo Laboratories as a complete and balanced nourishment for serious medical and surgical patients unable to take normal food. Introduced into the Indian market in the early sixties, Complan was first promoted ethically, that is, to doctors who then prescribed it for their patients. This ethical positioning as complete and balanced nourishment obtained very good support from doctors and a growing, if modest, tonnage of sales was achieved. However, after some time growth levelled off. In 1970, Glaxo set up a Family Products group in the Company with the object of promoting some of its ethical brands over-the-counter, that is, promoting them directly to consumers with mass media advertising. It was judged that this would greatly increase their sales volume. Complan was one such product and it more than justified those expectations—for a while. Positioning by Competitor In its very first public appearance, Complan adopted the strategy of Positioning by Competitor. It positioned itself directly against milk. Your body needs 23 vital foods, said the first ad, Milk gives 9- Complan gives all 23 (Exhibit 6. 6). Notice the semi-clinical look of the advertising which reflects the transition from ethical to consumer promotion. The copy gives considerable factual information about these 23 nutrients and how they affect bodily functions; e. g. protein to build up and repair tissues and cells; calcium for healthy teeth and bones; folic acid to form new blood cells; vitamin A for the eyes, etc. This advertising and the position assumed by the brand created a high degree of awareness and trials. The consumer offtake of the brand rose from a volume index of 100 in 1969-70 to 298 in 1973-74. The steady growth also reflected that a considerable number who tried the brand stuck to it and repeatedly purchased it (Figure 6. 2). Despite the success of this strategy, there was cause for rethinking. What really did this positioning imply? Taken to its logical extreme, it meant that Complan should displace milk from the dining table. In India, particularly, milk has a unique position in the consumers psyche. It is regarded as the source of life, growth and health; it is almost an object of reverence as a necessary ingredient in many religious rituals. Moreover, with Operation Flood well under way, milk, in the form of powder and also as fresh milk from the Mother Dairies, was being given a great deal of marketing and advertising support. Fighting milk would not be a cakewalk. And, as a socially aware corporate citizen, Glaxo wondered whether it should be in the business of knocking milk which formed such a vital part of the nations health and nourishment plans. Very wisely, this positioning strategy for Complan was abandoned. In fact, here was a classic instance of looking afresh at a key positioning decision: Which product class are we competing in? If not milk, then the logical product class definition had to be other malted milk-foods like Horlicks, Viva, Bournvita. This can also be described as the health beverage product class. Positioning vs. Horlicks The strategy seemed to be readymade! How should we reposition Complan? Why, against Horlicks, of course, the leader in the health beverage category? Just ask the consumer to compare the label of Complan, so packed with all good nourishing things, with the label of Horlicks whose list of ingredients runs out after naming a few. The positioning strategy was similar to what had proved to successful earlier—positioning by attributes and by the main competitor. Research data also showed that many Complan users were earlier users of Horlicks. The great nourisher—Horlicks—was to be treated as the reservoir from which would flow a steady stream of consumers to Complan. The new headline in the Press ads (1973-74) said: Your body needs 23 vital foods every day. Check: how many do other food drinks give? The consumer was urged to read the label on the Complan tin and to compare it with the label of his present brand, assumed to be Horlicks (Exhibit 6. 7). This strategy bombed. The year 1974-75 was the first time when sales of Complan declined (Figure 6. 2). A thorough review seemed called for. Review of Strategy Sales data as well as consumer research, including group discussions, brought some key problems to the surface. Price Complans price was almost twice that of Horlicks. Consumers agreed that Complan was a superior source of nourishment but they also felt it was too much of a good thing for them. Did they really need it? Taste Its taste was almost universally disliked, violently so by children, who were often forced to drink it by health-conscious mothers. Even a spoonful of sugar couldnt make it go down! Strategy Was Complan on the right track in its preoccupation with fighting the competitor, Horlicks, headon? Would it be better for Complan to achieve a perception in its own right? Instead of making Horlicks the standard of comparison, should one try to create a unique position for Complan and then ask consumers to judge if Horlicks or any other competitor could be substituted in that position? Dialogue with the Consumer Complans dialogue with the consumer had evidently broken down. Several interviews had the following pattern. Mother: Elderly person : I know Complan is good for him (my son), but he cant stand the taste. My doctor asked me to take Complan after my illness; now that I am all right, enough is enough. Housewife: Complan is good but we cant afford it. I think well switch over to Horlicks. It costs only half as much. Madam, why do you use Horlicks? Well, all of us work hard and I feel a bit more reassured if we take something extra, besides normal food. And its such a well-known product and a sort of family tradition, you see. But Madam, Complan gives you so much more nourishment than Horlicks. Well, were not a sick family, you know. What we need is a bit of extra nourishment, not a daily dose of medicine. Interviewer: Housewife: Interviewer: Housewife: A large mass of research data brought out one priceless nugget: In the Horlicks household there were more than two users of the product on the average. In the Complan household, the average number of product users was far less. This seemed significant—that Complan was perceived as something more special than Horlicks and was therefore more selectively used. While other brands like Bournvita and the industry were growing, Complan was not. But the more significant data was that even if there were few additional converts, there was steady repurchase of Complan by many households indicating that it had a core of loyal users despite its seeming handicaps. Why did they stick with Complan? Research plus judgement provided the answer. There were many households with children who were fussy eaters and mothers constantly worried about their lack of nourishment. There were workaholic husbands who skipped breakfast or lunch. There were elders and convalescents for whom the housewife felt responsible when they went off their food. And there was this marvellous woman herself, busy taking care of others and thoroughly exhausted at the end of her daily chores. The New Look of Complan Complan strategy went through a radical change. It was now decided to position it—not by competitor—but by target user and usage occasion. Complans position could now be stated as follows: Complan is ideal for totally fulfilling the nourishment needs of people who cannot or do not eat enough, because only Complan is complete with 23 vital foods for the body. Exhibit 6. 8 (1975-76) is an unambiguous example of advertising designed to serve a clear-cut positioning strategy. The cinema commercial (TV became available at a later date) dramatized these usage occasions more vividly: the problem eater child tossing his food aside; the husband rushing off with his uneaten breakfast on the table; the convalescing elder who has no appetite for food; the harassed housewife herself. In such situations, to what could the worried mother and housewife turn? What health drink would assure her of all the nourishment that was needed in these special, but everyday situations? The ads clearly presented Complan as a product which was unique and complete in its nourishment value. It was no longer too much of a good thing but the only brand with enough good things to give her the reassurance she needed. Could this position be adequately substituted by any other brand? No way. Not only Complan advertising, but the product itself wore a new and more attractive look. The package design was cleaned up and modernized. The products taste was improved through a change in the manufacturing process. New flavours were introduced: Chocolate, because of its universal popularity, especially with the young; Cardamom Saffron, a typically Indian flavour with images of health and goodness; the Strawberry flavour was reserved for later introduction—as a delicious, iced drink. And the price was increased! With this ad, Complan broke away from comparison with Horlicks to carve out its own distinct niche as the only complete health beverage to suit specific occasions and users. The Take-Off In a very real sense, this repositioning strategy, together with product improvements, provided the thrust for a take-off in sales. From an index number of 203 of sales volume in 1974-75 (1969-70 = 100), sales shot up to an index of 408 by 1978-79—a doubling of volume in four years. The availability of full-fledged commercial TV in 1978 and the heavy use of this medium by Complan gave the brand further thrust. It became clear that price was not the barrier to growth. By positioning Complan in a unique slot, consumers were persuaded to see that it had no real substitute and a new price-value perception was created for the brand. A Sharper, Narrower Positioning We had mentioned in Chapter 4, when discussing Positioning by User that good brands are invariably versatile in terms of usage and benefit segments. If you read the fine print in the earlier ads for Complan this versatility would become apparent. Take the very first ad with which Complan went public (Exhibit 6. 6). The copy reads: Who Should Take Complan Complan is ideal for growing children, busy adults (especially housewives and rushed officegoers), expectant and nursing mothers, elderly people and athletes. It had long been surmised that the actual users of Complan were predominantly children of school-going age. Later research corroborated this belief. It was found that close to half of the actual users of Complan were of school-going age. This was a far younger age profile than for other malted milk beverages. It is noteworthy that with sales rapidly increasing, the next repositioning exercise brought about a much more focussed and narrower positioning by target user, instead of broadening its user positioning. This calls for a great degree of strategic clarity and courage. The next ads positioned Complan single-mindedly for growing children and were created and released by Lintas in 1981 (Exhibit 6. 9). Sales data (Figure 6. 2) show that Complans growth was accelerated following this most recent re-positioning. But, with hindsight, you may wish to go more deeply into the reasons for this sharply focussed positioning for growing children and apparent indifference to other users, such as the elderly and the busy, active adult. You should note, however, that Complan was consistently advertised to the medical profession through ads such as in Exhibit 6. 0. Also note that a much higher percentage of Complan sales came from chemists as compared to other malted milk drinks. New Questions You may now wish to debate the following issues. †¢ Complan is the only beverage positioned for children which does not have a chocolate base (It has a variety, the most popular one, in chocolate flavour). An analysis of competitive advertising shows that all the brown b everages which have a chocolate base—Bournvita, Maltova, Boost, and Nutramul—are also positioned for children. Moreover, a new product, Sapans Active 25 has been introduced recently and positioned directly against Complan (Exhibit 6. 11). The ad claims that it has real chocolate and its got the one thing your kids will love. Taste. In early 1989, Cadburys launched Enriche for children between 2 and 10 years of age, with the claim of having 26 vital ingredients and as a Total Nutrition Food. How should Complan reinforce its position against such competitors? Complan, as we have seen, is versatile in its positioning opportunities. Should its positioning for other target users—expectant mothers, convalescents, the elderly and even weight-watchers (as an earlier ad suggested)—be confined to the medical press only? Or could one expect even faster growth if the brand were positioned for all these target segments through consumer advertising? Can positioning theory help us to find an answer? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Special analysis (1988) based on independent household panel data has shown something very significant. Households which have received a much higher exposure of Complans TV advertising (as recorded in the housewifes diary) compared to Horlicks, invariably purchased more Complan than Horlicks. Does this seem to call for experimentation with heavyweight TV advertising to medium and light Complan users to judge if the extra expenditure pays off in higher market shares and profits? Does it also suggest that the Media Planner for Complan should look for segments where it can command higher TV exposure than Horlicks within the available budget?

Three different types of imagery Essay Example

Three different types of imagery Paper There are three different types of imagery each different type is used to make a part of text seem particularly realistic as if the person can actually see what is happening. The three types of imagery are: Similes are when the text says something is like another as a comparison e. g. cold as ice. Metaphors are when the text says something is something else e. g. the wind was a slap in the face. The third type if imagery is personification this is where an object is given human properties e. g. the wind whipped through the sky. Shakespeare employed imagery so often for various reasons. The scenery for his plays were very basic so he needed to build up a mental image using words. Also Shakespeares plays were performed in hot mid summer days so the images had to take the audience to a different location such as a castle at night. Shakespeare implemented imagery for other reasons such as adding to the theme of the play or making a certain characters speech more dramatic. Imagery contributes heavily to the main theme of the play which is love the first cluster of images I have picked out is from act 1 scene 5 where Romeo sees Juliet for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this scene Romeo compares Juliet to so many beautiful things he uses metaphors such as as a rich jewel in an ethiops ear. And so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows The first line of the speech is personified as it is impossible to teach a torch O she doth teach the torches to burn bright Theses quotes tie in with the theme of the play- love as they are all examples of Romeos infatuation with Juliet and how she looks. He describes her as, as pretty as jewels and doves, both figures of unequaled beauty. Also he says about how she has this quality that lights up the room and outshines even the torches in the room. This shows how highly Romeo regards Juliet by all the over exaggeration in his speech. Another example of a cluster where vast amounts of imagery is used is on page 45 where Juliet pines about the fact that Romeo is a Montague. She tells us how she loathes the name Montague with such passion but at the same time loves Romeo with the same force and her feelings are confusing her. This shows that hatred and love (the theme of the play) are very closely related and shows that one emotion can stem from another my only love sprung from my only hate. She also questions why it is that Romeo was hidden from her until the impression that all Montagues are vile was embedded into her train of thought so that it would be impossible to fall in love with one. Too early soon unknown, and known too late. The next line shows what an impact this feeling of love has had on Juliet Prodigious birth of love it is to me. This shows the epic proportions to which her love for Romeo has exploded. Imagery can also have a dramatic effect on a play it gives the audience an insight into how the characters think and feel such as when Romeo expresses in Act 1 Scene 5 how he truly feels about Juliet he calls her Beauty too rich for use. This could be perceived as Romeo describing Juliet as a diamond that is too valuable to be used in a piece of jewelry. Another use of dramatic imagery in Shakespeares plays is to create tension and atmosphere an example of this is where Tybalt is enraged at the appearance of Romeo and the other Montagues at the Capulet party this sparks an immediate feeling of hatred and tension is also built on what Tybalt will do to Romeo Tis he, that villain Romeo. He speaks sharply to keep pace in the speech. The third dramatic effect of imagery is that it reveals social values and strong religious beliefs held by many people in Elizabethan period. One example of this is the manner in which Juliet and Romeo play on the idea of saints and sin in act 1 scene 5 this shows that both people take their religion very seriously, so much so that is frequently used in their everyday speech. Sin from my lips? I believe that imagery plays a very important part in all of Shakespeares plays as it builds on the core aspects of both the play and its themes, they can also be used as improvisation on various occasions so as the audience gets a better feel of the events of the play.

Writing on Point Argumentative Essay on Microeconomics

Writing on Point Argumentative Essay on Microeconomics To recap what we have learned throughout our guides, we first discussed 10 facts for on point argumentative essay on microeconomics, where you learned 10 credible pieces of evidence on microeconomics, helpful for   composing your argumentative essay. Along with the facts, you must have also gone through the seven references, which can be used to explore the issues in detail. On the other hand, we also discussed 20 microeconomics essay topics in our second guide, which must have helped you choose particular subject/topic on which you can start writing immediately. You must also have gone through our sample essay, which, we bet, you have found informative. Apart from that, we’ve also included references that you may use later for more research. However, this final guide is something else. Here, we are not going to discuss microeconomics, but how you can spiff up your argumentative essay and make it exemplary – leaving your teacher or professor under strong impression. With that said, let’s get started: Composing an Argumentative Essay The best technique not to waste your time looking at the blank document is to put together an outline of the argumentative paper you’re going to write. To do this, you need to know that an argumentative essay is comprised of four main sections: Introduction First Body (Where You Develop Your Argument) Second Body (Where You Refute Opponent’s Arguments) Conclusion Here is how you would want to outline your argumentative essay: Writing an Intro Composing an introduction can be daunting if you don’t have an idea what a â€Å"hook† is all about. A â€Å"hook† technically means that you’re going to capture the attention of the reader, making him/her sure that your essay is worth checking out. This hook should be placed in the first two-three lines of your introduction. Afterward, you should keep the reader interested in reading your essay by sharing the context of the topic. In this background part, you would want to share the essence of the issue: who cares about it, where this issue may be prevalent, and its significance. Adding Your Thesis Of course, the main â€Å"component† of your essay is a thesis statement, which should be placed in the end of the intro section. Make a statement that shows that you’ve made a stance on the argument. The thesis should also include the claims that you will be discussing later in the essay. But there is no need to consider the evidence here. Writing the First Part of the Main Body In this first part of your essay’s body, you would want to focus yourself on the statements (or arguments) that you’re going to make related to the microeconomics topic. These statements are known as claims. But claims alone aren’t deemed credible, which is why you will support them with evidence and sources agreeable   with your claims. Depending on your topic, you can have either one claim or multiple. Writing the Second Part of the Main Body Actually, the real action happens here. Since the argumentative essay is about having a debate with your opponent, you’ll do just that in this part of the body. Try to perceive the viewpoints of your opponents, and then refute them, in a convincing way, supported by substantial evidence, which cannot be overthrown. In this kind of essay, anyone with different views is your opponent, even if we are talking about your readers. Writing a Conclusion Once you have refuted your opponent’s view, it’s time to conclude your essay. In this section share the importance of your issue, and how your statement can be implemented to improve the world of microeconomics. It’s also recommended to draw   a picture of the world now and later, when your changes are implemented, which really convinces the reader in your competency. Final Words Of course, it’s not a good idea to submit your essay without proofreading and editing. We recommend you to proofread the content at least twice, and add/subtract the parts you are not sure in. To do that, perceive your essay as your teacher/professor would and you will be able to criticize your own work. With all these materials you don’t have excuses left, so start writing immediately!

Boys Girls Clubs Of America

Boys Girls Clubs Of America Socialization is generally thought of as being an essential part of human development in that its importance is often times disregarded. However, understanding socialization can be a complicated and enduring process. â€Å"Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture† (Macionis, 2011, 68). Humans need social experience to acquire the skills needed to learn their culture and for survival. â€Å"Social experience is also the basis of personality, a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing – taking in – our surroundings† (Macionis, 2011, 68). When an individual is lacking social experience, personality seldom develops. People usually rely on others for assistance when their children are growing physically and emotionally but most importantly as their personality is developing. Many th eorists have focused on childhood as being the most critical time when personality is formed; however, Erik H. Erikson’s eight stages of development have set apart that focus and places emphasis on socialization throughout the life course as being the most influential (Macionis, 2011). Erikson centralized that challenges are faced throughout the life course fluctuating from infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood to old age even though not everyone faces these challenges in the exact order (Macionis, 2011). In summary, Erikson’s stages of development model calls attention to how several factors, including the family, school and peer groups, shape our personalities. Since socialization is a learning process that begins after birth and is learned throughout an individual’s life span, a common question is how can people be socialized? Looking around the world, we see that different cultures used different tech niques to socialize their children both formal and informally through school and peer groups. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. Across America, there are many national organizations that have been organized to provide programs for young people that help with maintaining socialization skills that have been embedded amongst our youth. â€Å"The Boys & Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of local chapters which provide after-school programs for young people† (http://www.bgca.org). The first Boys’ Club was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860 after a group of women noticed how young boys from needy families would hang out on the streets after school because they didn’t have anywhere else to go. The club was created to provide them with a safe place to play. By 1906, there were fifty-three independent Boys’ Clubs that came together in Boston for form a national organization known as the Federat ed Boys’ Clubs. After many years, the organization renamed itself Boys’ Clubs of America and in 1990 renamed itself to Boys & Girls Clubs of America. There are currently over 4,000 autonomous local Clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization and serve over four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and on US Military Bases. In 2010, member percentages included: 65% are from minority families, 5% are 5 years old and under, 43% are 6-10 years old, 19% are 11-12 years old, 21% are 13-15 years old, 12% are 16-18 years old, 55% are male and 45% are female (http://www.bgca.org).

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Answer questions - Essay Example Males that are good hunters control their hunting groups and interact a lot with fertile females. The genes for goo hunters get passed on to other generations due to increased possibility of mating with fertile females (Van, pg.198). 2: read page 205 â€Å"The Mother/Infant Bond and Social Learning† and answer the following question: What do the monkeys raised without a mother tell us about the importance of parenting among primates? Are primates purely instinctual, or do they need to learn complex behaviors? Parenting among primates plays a crucial role in shaping the basic skills of the babies. The monkeys that did not grow up with a mother could not interact well with others, and they lacked basic mothering skills towards their young ones. Primates are not purely instinctual, and they need to learn the complex behaviors. The surrogate ‘mothers’ in the story did not provide any practice for the young monkeys to emulate; this letter made them behave negatively towards others (Wrangham, pg. 205). The chimpanzees used the knuckle-walking style of locomotion when on the ground. They mostly utilized the proximal finger joints of their hands while walking on quadrupedal but not the palms of their hands. The chimpanzee in the video portrayed minimal differences between them and other subspecies. Their bodies are more robust build than the bonobos, and they seem to have slight sexual dimorphic features. The grooming handclasp in the video shows that the Chimpanzee live in a fission-fusion society. Like other animals, they move and do their activities in groups mostly because they want to avoid the predators. The group size of the Chimpanzee keeps on changing in size and composition all through the year in addition to their activities

Frank Sinatra's Contribution to Elevating Las Vegas to its Current Essay

Frank Sinatra's Contribution to Elevating Las Vegas to its Current Status - Essay Example His professional career as musician spans over 60 years throughout which he has displayed a â€Å"remarkable ability to maintain his appeal and pursue his musical goals despite often countervailing trends† (Sinatra). However, his biggest contributions came in the state of Nevada, the city of Las Vegas. When Vegas was not the glamorous metropolis in the desert it is today, early casinos such as the Sahara and The Desert Inn relied on the star power of their headlining performers to bring guests into their door. However, mainly it is Frank Sinatra’s fabulous and captivating songs hits such as â€Å"Summer Wind† and â€Å"My Way,† with his irrefutable talent and ability to mesmerize an audience, which has led to Las Vegas’ enviable rise to fame. The legend was brought up in Hoboken, New Jersey, where he attended Demarest High School. After his graduation, he enrolled for journalism classes and later became a cub sports reporter. His mother, with her do mineering and stubborn nature, encouraged him to sing in a band. Subsequently, after a while, she got him a job, which would broadcast his talents through the WNEW station. He married Nancy Barbato in 1939 and had three children with her. During the time, he met the Frank Mane band by whom he signed a one year contract of performing together. This was the beginning of his career and he made his first recording with this band, performing the song â€Å"Our Love.† Once the contract was over, Frank coupled up with Henry James’s band in his bid to make himself a name in the music industry. With his hard work and enthusiasm, he recorded ten songs along with this band under the labels- Brunswick and Columbia. Then he received overtures from Tommy Dorsey to become a member of his band Frank realized that perhaps this was the break that he was looking for and he accepted the offer happily. Fortunately for him, this venture got him into the movie â€Å"Las Vegas Nights.† Besides, as another stroke of good luck, he was also able to top the charts for twelve weeks with the song â€Å"I’ll never smile again.† The Billboard and Downbeat magazines, which were dominant authorities in music ratings, featured him with high ranks among the singers of that period. He was really rising to fame, achieving so much in such short time. Within a span of just three years, 23 of his songs were among the top ten on Billboard. He then left the Dorsey band and started solo music. By this time he had acquired thousands of fans, known as ‘Bobby Soxers.’ When he made an appearance in the Paramount theatre, everyone got so wild that the crowd was literally uncontrollable. Next in Sinatra’s agenda came his debut at the Hollywood Bowl and Madison Square Garden, when he was under the contract of Columbia Records. It is relevant to note here that when a person attain certain level of a celebrity status, the town or city he hails from or lives in, also becomes a center of attraction for the masses as well as media. Thus, Sinatra’s fame also began to make Las Vegas a place of attraction. Celebrities like Gregory Peck has endorsed that Sinatra and his band need to be credited for the everlasting â€Å"sense of free-floating fun and frolic that captured the imagination of the world† (Weatherford par. 4). On the other hand, Lt Gov Lorrain Hung claims that â€Å"

Howard Stern Essay -- essays research papers

.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard Stern has been labeled as many things, such as offensive, obnoxious, discussing and by the majority of his listeners a genius. He grew up in a suburb of Manhattan in the early sixties. His father, Ben Stern, worked at radio station WHOM where the was the engineer. His father commuted every day about 40 miles to and from work. Howard would spend little time with his father but on occasion he would get to go to work with him. This is what interested Howard to being on the radio.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the time, the area Howard lived in was going through a racist change. His mother told his friends who were making racist comments about the negros that she and Howard were part negro, but they weren’t really. Roosevelt High School, his school, was a fully integrated educational system, which in his words meant â€Å"six thousand black guys and him.† In his high school years he turned to marijuana because he had to deal with several personal problems. He said the personal problems affected his personal life forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his college years it was pretty hard for him to find a date. So, he stayed at home and masturbated constantly. His senior year he got on at the college radio station known as WTBU. That year he met the woman who would be his future wife. She was in his first film for his film class. He won an award for the film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After completing college Howard went to his first job interview on May 12, 1977. His interview was at WRNW and he got the job. After two months on the air, the manager who said he would never be a good DJ and that he had a lousy voice, promoted him to program director because he was a hard worker and came to work on time.† After saving money and working for awhile he then married Alison. They got their own place and was doing well with Howard making $250.00 a week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After three months of being program director Howard quit his job because he didn’t want to fire an employee. So, Howard was now unemployed himself. Howard decides to make a major decision and move to another city. He moves to Hartford and begins working as a morning man on WCCC. Time has moved to October , 1979. Howard then met his partner Fred who wil... ...ey say â€Å"I want to see what he will say next.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard is invited to be on the David Letterman show and talks down about NBC. On a July of 1985 he tops the rating charts in New York. A rally is thrown for his accomplishment AC/DC plays at the ceremony. It is held in Central Park, on the field it is a sold out show. During the concert Alison’s water breaks. He named his first daughter Emily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three children later he is still the best known radio personality in years. Occasionally he might make a fool of himself in public like the MTV music award incident as Fartman. To this date the FCC still wants him off the radio and so does every other fundamentalist group in the United States. Most of the things he does are mostly misunderstood but that is the fate of most geniuses right? Stern, Howard (1997). Private Parts. New York City, NY: NBC Retived (11/17/00) From http://www.california.com/~rpcman/HOWARD1.HTM Retived (11/17/00) From http://www.sgi.net/~jon/howard/

Directors Use of Techniques in “Chocolat”

Individuality versus conformity is a fine line that people in society walk along. This has been shown in Chocolat, released in 2000 and directed by Lasse Hallstrom. Where Vianne and her chocolate shop represent individuality and the Comte represents conformity. Hallstrom uses various film and dramatic techniques to convey this idea to the audience. In Chocolat, the Comte has a big influence on how the townspeople feel and what they feel they should be doing. This means that the Comte is the pinnacle of control in the town and he feels that everyone should conform to the long standing traditions.The Comtes’ control over the town is quite strong as shown in the opening scene, where all of the townspeople are shown to be conforming to each other. In this scene the costumes of the townspeople are all dark colours and similar as including the Comte. This shows that the townspeople are conforming all the time, even in what they are wearing. There is a voice over narration in the fir st part of the opening scene and this line; â€Å"If you lived in this town you knew what was expected of you†, shows how controlling the Comte is and that the townspeople did not want to break conformity.There is a camera shot in this scene that is from Anouks point of view looking up at the Comte. This shows his powerful figure and his control over the townspeople. These techniques show that Comte is a very controlling figure and he likes to impose his feelings and thoughts on to the townspeople. Viannes presence in the town has the opposite effect to that of the Comte. Vianne is a very individual person and this starts to rub off on to the townspeople.She has her own way of doing things, for example not attending church, which is against the values that the Comte has instilled in the townspeople. Viannes individuality is shown in scene four where she is setting up her shop. There are close up shots of the traditional sculptures that Vianne is placing in her shop. These con trast greatly against the statue shown in the town square and show how different Vianne is to the rest of the town. Vianne is always wearing a piece of clothing that is red whichstands out from the clothing of the townspeople. When she takes in Josephine, she also starts to wearing bright colours. These costumes show Viannes effect on the townspeople and her individuality. In this scene, the images of townspeople peering round at her shop or looking through the cracks in the newspaper into the shop show their curiosity towards Vianne and the idea of individuality that she presents to them. Viannes influences the town through her presence in their lives and her knowledge of individuality that she displays towards them.The Comtes control is fighting against the effect of Vianne just the same as conformity is against individuality. Both characters want the townspeople to see the world their way. This is shown in scene six where Vianne opens her shop for the first time. In this scene th e Comtes house is shown and it has very dark lighting and they style of it is very old fashioned. This shows that the Comte is trying to set an example of what he feels the town should be like and that it should conform to his ideals.The Comtes control over the town is shown in the reactions of the townspeople when they discover that Vianne is running a chocolate shop. Their reactions include â€Å"This certainly is different†, which reveals information that the town has no other shops like this one and that it is new and individual. The music that plays while the townspeople are looking at or entering the shop is bright and tempting. This is a presentation of what is happening and of what is to come from the influence of Viannes individuality on the townspeople.The Comte and Vianne have opposite effects on the townspeople, trying to make them conform or affecting their individuality. The line between conformity and individuality is very fine. The Comte and Vianne represent d ifferent extremes of this line. Their influence on the townspeople is very strong and affects all of the townspeople differently. The Comte wants the townspeople to conform as one and he uses his authority to try and achieve this, but Viannes presence and her individuality drives a change in the thoughts of the townspeople and eventually the Comte.

Vigencia de la visa americana y cuándo ya no es válida

Pocos asuntos migratorios causan mà ¡s confusià ³n que entender cuà ¡l es la vigencia de la visa americana y cuà ¡l es el significado exacto de la la fecha de vencimiento. Para evitar graves errores que pueden costar muy caro en este artà ­culo se explican la vigencia de 3 situaciones: la visa de inmigrantela situacià ³n de los que pueden ingresar como turistas o para negocios sin visa a Estados Unidos visas no inmigrante, como, por ejemplo, las de turista, trabajo temporal, intercambio o estudiante. En el caso de las visas no inmigrantes se informa, ademà ¡s, de cà ³mo es posible estar legalmente en Estados Unidos con la visa expirada y tambià ©n el caso contrario: cuando a pesar de tener una visa sin vencer se està ¡ en el paà ­s en situacià ³n irregular, lo que puede dar lugar a consecuencias serias como cancelacià ³n de la visa, expulsià ³n inmediata o deportacià ³n. Finalmente, para el caso de las visas no inmigrante en la categorà ­a de turista y/o negocios, tambià ©n conocidas como B1y B2, se especifica por cuà ¡nto tiempo mà ¡ximo pueden ser emitidas y cuà ¡ntos ingresos a Estados Unidos està ¡n permitidos Vigencia de la visa de inmigrante Esta visa se aprueba en los consulados o embajadas de los Estados Unidos y permiten ingresar a los extranjeros a los Estados Unidos como residentes permanentes legales. En otras palabras, como titulares de una green card. Cuando se aprueba esta visa su titular tiene un plazo de 6 meses para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Y es precisamente en el momento en que ingresa en el que se convierte en residente. Su visa estampada en el pasaporte y sellada en un control migratorio se convierte automà ¡ticamente en una green card. Unas semanas mà ¡s tarde el nuevo residente recibirà ¡ la tarjeta de plà ¡stico por correo. Ademà ¡s, las tarjetas de residencia tienen una vigencia de 10 aà ±os, pero su titular puede perder ese estatus si no reside habitualmente dentro de Estados Unidos. Vigencia de estadà ­a legal para los que ingresan sin visa Los ciudadanos de 38 paà ­ses pueden ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visa cuando el objetivo de su viaje es negocios o turismo en aplicacià ³n del Programa de Exencià ³n de visas (VWP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). A esta regla general aplica una excepcià ³n: cuando se llega en un avià ³n o barco privado a un puesto migratorio aà ©reo o marà ­timo es imprescindible presentar una visa de turista o de negocios regular, no admitià ©ndose viajar sin visa. Cuando los ciudadanos de un paà ­s integrado en el VWP ingresan a Estados Unidos por avià ³n o por barco es necesario solicitar previamente y por internet una Autorizacià ³n que se conoce con el nombre de ESTA. El tiempo que dura la ESTA es de un mà ¡ximo de 90 dà ­as y no  es posible extender la permanencia. En otras palabras, si se ingresa sin visa, no se puede pedir una extensià ³n porque, precisamente, no se tiene visa. No existe excepcià ³n a esta regla y quedarse mà ¡s tiempo de esos 90 dà ­as significa quedarse ilegalmente en el paà ­s y perder el privilegio de volver a ingresar sin haber pedido previamente una visa a un consulado o embajada americano. Vigencia y vencimiento de las visas no inmigrantes La fecha de caducidad de la  visa americana indica el dà ­a mà ¡ximo que se puede solicitar el ingreso a Estados Unidos al llegar a una aduana. Pero hay mà ¡s, ya que es posible estar legalmente en USA con la visa caducada y al revà ©s: estar ilegalmente con el visa sin haber alcanzado su fecha de expiracià ³n. Para evitar problemas, como que  cancelen la visa o incluso que te prohiban regresar a Estados Unidos por tres o diez aà ±os, es necesario saber quà © realmente significa la fecha de caducidad en un visado americano. En este artà ­culo, ademà ¡s, se explica quà © hacer cuando se tiene el pasaporte vencido pero la visa no y tambià ©n cuà ¡ndo hay que sacarse una nueva, aunque no està © expirada. Ademà ¡s, destacar que en el caso de las visas là ¡ser, tambià ©n conocidas como tarjetas de cruce local, aplican reglas especiales que nada tienen que ver con las de las visas de turista normales. La fecha de caducidad de la visa americana no inmigrante La fecha de caducidad quiere decir, con carà ¡cter general, que ese dà ­a es el à ºltimo en que una persona extranjera puede  presentarse en un aeropuerto, puerto marà ­timo o puesto terrestre fronterizo de los Estados Unidos y solicitar el ingreso al paà ­s. Sin embargo, hay excepciones. Y es que lo dicho en el pà ¡rrafo anterior aplica a las visas de entrada mà ºltiple. Es decir, las que està ¡n seà ±aladas con la letra M en el apartado de Entradas. Sin embargo, en algunos paà ­ses las visas de turistas y de negocios se dan para un solo ingreso o un nà ºmero  limitado. En el caso de los paà ­ses hispanoparlantes, en la actualidad lo habitual para todos los paà ­ses es que las visas de turista y de negocios y la combinacià ³n de ambas se den por 10 aà ±os por entradas mà ºltiples. La excepcià ³n es Cuba donde se aprueban con una validez de 6 meses para una sola entrada o, en ocasiones y solamente para las visas B-2, por 5 aà ±os con entradas mà ºltiples. Por à ºltimo, en el caso de las antiguas visas indefinidas, tambià ©n conocidas como Burrough, decir que dejaron de ser và ¡lidas el 1 de abril de 2004. Por lo tanto, las personas que tienen estos visados y desean ingresar a Estados Unidos deben solicitar una nueva visa. En contra de lo que muchas personas creen, la fecha de vencimiento de la visa no quiere decir que un extranjero puede permanecer legalmente en Estados Unidos mientras no se llega a ese dà ­a. Cà ³mo saber dà ­a fecha tope de permanencia legal en EE.UU. Si se llega  con una visa de turista o de negocios, es muy comà ºn que te conceda 180 dà ­as, pero puede establecer menos dà ­as.  En el I-94 queda registrada esa fecha. Ademà ¡s, en la pà ¡gina oficial de la CBP para este formulario se puede obtener informacià ³n interesante sobre, por ejemplo, el historial de ingresos y salidas y se puede obtener una copia del mismo. Los extranjeros con visas temporales de inversià ³n, tipo E-2, reciben visados và ¡lidos por 2 aà ±os que pueden renovarse todas las veces que se quiera, siempre que se cumplan las condiciones de la visa. En el caso de visas temporales de trabajo, cada categorà ­a tiene su propio tiempo de duracià ³n de la validez. Por ejemplo, la H-1B, popular entre profesionales, se aprueba por un mà ¡ximo de 3 aà ±os renovable por otros 3. Ademà ¡s, los extranjeros que llegan con visa visa temporal de estudios, intercambio, etc verà ¡n que junto al sello que marca su ingreso a los Estados Unidos se escriben las letras D/S. Y significa que se puede permanecer en el paà ­s mientras sigue en activo el programa en el que se participa. El tema de cuà ¡nto se puede permanecer legalmente es fundamental. Ya que no entenderlo puede crear problemas migratorios muy serios. Por ello es importante entender  los tiempos y los periodos de gracia, segà ºn el tipo de visa. Tambià ©n es importante conocer cuà ¡les son las consecuencias de no respetar los là ­mites de permanencia legal y, en el caso de los turistas, con cuà ¡nta frecuencia se puede ingresar sin arriesgarse a ser parado en las aduanas y enviado de vuelta al paà ­s de origen. La visa sin expirar,  ¿garantiza el ingreso a Estados Unidos? No, la visa sin expirar es solo uno de los requisitos para solicitar con à ©xito en ingreso a Estados Unidos una vez que se llega a uno de sus puertos de entrada (aeropuerto, puerto o frontera terrestre). Las à ºnicas excepciones a la necesidad de presentar una visa sin vencimiento son: ciudadanos americanosresidentes permanentes legales, que deben presentar la green card y sus pasaportesturistas y personas de negocios de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de VisasY personas en situaciones excepcionales a los que se le concede el ingreso sin visa, lo que se conoce como parole, como por ejemplos las personas que pueden solicitar asilo y el oficial de migracià ³n cree que hay una razà ³n mà ­nima para creerle y que el proceso sobre si se le concede o no se decida mà ¡s tarde, ya en Estados Unidos. Todos los extranjeros que no se encuentran en las situaciones mencionadas necesitan una visa sin expirar y, ademà ¡s, que: no sean inelegibles, en el caso de visas temporales y personas en el Programa de exencià ³n de visadosno sean inadmisibles, aplicando esto incluso a los residentesque la visa no haya sido cancelada o revocaday que el ingreso a los Estados Unidos se busque para el fin especà ­fico de la visa. Este à ºltimo punto es muy importante porque puede dar lugar a muchos problemas. Por ejemplo, si se pretende ingresar con una visa de turista pero la intencià ³n es casarse. Otro ejemplo, es cuando se viene a estudiar con visa de turista o se sospecha que se viene a trabajar sin visa de ese tipo. Corresponde al oficial migratorio decidir si permite a un extranjero la entrada o, por el contrario, si lo envà ­a de regreso a su lugar de procedencia. En el puesto fronterizo pueden suceder distintas situaciones. Es importante entender cuà ¡l realmente tuvo lugar para intentar luego resolver el problema. Por ejemplo, no es lo mismo una expulsià ³n inmediata que una situacià ³n de I-275. Visa expirada pero estancia legal o no problemà ¡tica Esto es posible en diferentes situaciones. Por ejemplo, para el caso de los turistas si la fecha de vencimiento del visa llega antes que el dà ­a seà ±alado en el I-94. Por ejemplo, si la fecha de expiracià ³n de la visa era el 24 de septiembre de 2011, pero el I-94 seà ±alaba como fecha mà ¡xima de duracià ³n de la estancia como el 24 de noviembre de 2011, se ha estado en situacià ³n regular hasta ese à ºltimo dà ­a. Incluso si tanto la fecha de expiracià ³n de la visa americana como la del I-94 ya han vencido es posible conservar el estatus migratorio legal siempre y cuando antes de su vencimiento se haya pedido una extensià ³n de la visa a tiempo y de buena fe e Inmigracià ³n la apruebe. Si bien si finalmente no se aprueba la extensià ³n hay que salir inmediatamente de EEUU y puede haber problemas precisamente por haber estado irregularmente. Esto tambià ©n ocurre en caso en los que se solicita un cambio de visa siguiendo todos los requisitos.     Por à ºltimo, otro ejemplo de visa expirada pero estancia no problemà ¡tica es en los casos de ajuste de estatus (como por ejemplo, en los casos de matrimonio con un ciudadano estadounidense). En estos casos tener muy en cuenta que si se quiere salir de los Estados Unidos mientras se està ¡ tramitando el ajuste es necesario pedir un advance parole. El no pedirlo puede dar lugar a problemas como que no permitan el regreso a Estados Unidos mientras no finalizan todos los trà ¡mites. Visa no expirada pero estancia irregular Por el contrario, es posible estar en situacià ³n irregular en Estados Unidos (lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como out of status) aunque la visa tenga una fecha de expiracià ³n que todavà ­a no haya llegado. Por ejemplo; si la fecha I-94 llega antes que la de la expiracià ³n de la visa, se debe salir del paà ­s cuando lo dice el I-94 y no la visa. Sà ³lo en casos excepcionales se permite restaurar el estatus.cuando se violan las condiciones del visado. Por ejemplo, un estudiante con visa F-1 que deja de acudir a clases por varios meses està ¡ invalidando, con su conducta, su visado. Estas son las violaciones migratorias por las que se puede producir una deportacià ³n o una expulsià ³n.O si tienes una visa de trabajo temporal y eres despedido. Debes abandonar Estados Unidos en el plazo seà ±alado para cada tipo de visa, pero es incorrecto pensar que puede permanecer en EEUU porque la fecha de expiracià ³n de su visado queda a varios meses, o aà ±os, vista. Pasaporte vencido, visa sin expirar Puede suceder que la fecha de vencimiento del pasaporte sea anterior a la del visado. En este casos no se debe solicitar una nueva. Simplemente viajar a los Estados Unidos con los dos pasaportes: el nuevo sin expirar y el viejo expirado donde està ¡ la visa, que todavà ­a tiene fecha và ¡lida. Al llegar al punto de control migratorio mostrar los dos pasaportes. El oficial de Inmigracià ³n escribirà ¡ las letras VIOPP junto al sello que marca el ingreso al paà ­s. Son las iniciales en inglà ©s de la frase Visa in other passport. Lo que nunca debe hacerse es arrancar la visa del pasaporte expirado e intentar pegarla en el nuevo. Esto produce siempre la anulacià ³n de la visa y no serà ¡ posible utilizarla. Necesario solicitar nueva visa aunque actual no està ¡ expirada Un caso completamente distinto al anterior es cuando se extravà ­a un pasaporte con una visa americana o cuando à ©ste es robado. En estos supuestos es importante seguir el procedimiento adecuado para reportar el hecho y sacar una nueva visa. Tambià ©n se tiene que solicitar de nuevo la visa en los casos en los que, por la razà ³n que sea, à ©sta se daà ±a, mutila, etc. El caso especial de la revalidacià ³n automà ¡tica de la visa En casos muy concretos, es posible viajar al extranjero con la visa expirada y volver a entrar en EEUU, lo cual es contrario a la regla general de funcionamiento de los visados. Es lo que se conoce como revalidacià ³n automà ¡tica de las visas, pero està ¡ sujeto a condiciones muy especà ­ficas: Tener una visa no inmigrante que ha expiradovisitar desde EE.UU. Canadà ¡, Mà ©xico o islas adyacentes, como por ejemplo, Bahamasvisita en esos paà ­ses inferior a 30 dà ­asTener un I-94 và ¡lido, registro de entrada y de salida Deben darse TODOS los requisitos. Consejos a tener en cuenta Millones de extranjeros ingresan cada aà ±o a Estados Unidos por los puertos de entrada al paà ­s. La inmensa mayorà ­a no tiene problemas o son mà ­nimos, como por ejemplo, tener que pasar por una segunda inspeccià ³n. Para evitar problemas es importante respetar siempre las leyes del paà ­s, como por ejemplo pagar las multas de trà ¡nsito, conocer los aspectos fundamentales de la visa que se tiene, tener en cuenta que las aduanas de los Estados Unidos tienen un sistema muy completo de informacià ³n y que mentir aun oficial migratorio es un fraude de ley, lo cual puede tener consecuencias serias. Por à ºltimo, antes de poner en peligro la visa es altamente recomendable consultar con un abogado.   Adquirir conocimientos bà ¡sicos con test Se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples o quiz de visa de turista. Son 19 preguntas. Conocer las respuestas sirve para evitar problemas y malentendidos a la hora de solicitar la visa, conservarla y renovarla. Muchos de los problemas tienen su origen en la ignorancia. Y à ©sta se vence con conocimiento. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.