Policy making in the federal system Research Paper

Strategy making in the government framework - Research Paper Example streets and connects), and forestalling mishaps. States will decide their own targets for improving freight moves, decreasing blockage, modernizing frameworks, and guaranteeing security. Guide 21 joins various conditions to reduce down expenses and facilitate venture conveyance time (n.a., 2012, 1). This exposition investigates how MAP-21 raises the issue about the contention between state (neighborhood) and central governments, its upsides and downsides, its adequacy as a strategy, and its consistency with the established system of American federalism. At the point when the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) closed in 2009 the Congress consented to draft another transportation proposition. The Senate effectively presented an altogether drafted proposalâ€MAP-21. This Act was a significant bipartisan program (Dilger, 2012, 1). Despite the fact that government authority over surface transportation arrangement is as yet significant, MAP-21 portrays an augmentation of prior focal point of reauthorization on growing the state administrations’ official force. For example, the approach awards state governments more opportunity in the usage of administrative interstate help. It additionally allows states more opportunity by expanding the tasks qualified for assets saved for non-parkway related enhancements, as memorable preservation, remodel of rails, and ecological security. State governments were likewise given more prominent benefit to move a level of those assets, inside offered conditions, to other bureaucratic security and interstate tasks (CMAP Updates, 2012, para 4-5). Notwithstanding, some contend that the government has a commitment to ensure that bureaucratic assets are spent in the most ingenious and important manner to propel the national target of shielding nature and boosting national financial turn of events (Dilger, 2012, 2). They accept

Modernism as an Impact in Society Essay

Innovation is an innovator developments in the workmanship, its arrangement of social propensities and related social developments, initially emerging from wide-scale and expansive changes to Western culture in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. Innovation additionally dismiss the possibility of edification thinking as a well the possibility of god as an incredible individual. Innovation development is center around conventional exercises, for example, craftsmanship, design, the strict confidence, social association and day by day life, those things were gotten out of date in the monetary framework, social and political ramifications that were introduced the completely industrialized world. A case of innovation was â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderson in (1876-1941). â€Å"Sophistication† has a few questionable thoughts that propose pessimistic results on society; insolation, and independence of individuals. Propensities about innovation introduced in â€Å"sophistication† could be cause sway in wretchedness. Melancholy is a psychological state or constant mental issue described by sentiments of pity, forlornness, despair, low confidence, and remorse (Leonard). Innovation thinks about that exist a boundary that isolates past from the present. It is an impassible boundary in the creative mind of advancement. It? s cause the experience of disappoint which make it conceivable to catch the honesty of early days. Innovation recommend that all individuals have disappoint under any circumstances, this baffle encourages individuals to beat the issue and furthermore considers the to be as a choice to improve their live. Other than a thought of innovation is the baffle of individuals. Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† recommend that: The state of mind that had claimed him was a thing known to men and obscure to young men. He felt old and somewhat worn out. Recollections got up in him. To his brain his new feeling of development set him apart, made of him a half-appalling figure. He needed somebody to comprehend the inclination that had claimed him after his mother’s demise. (422) It implies that George Willard is growing up into masculinity in any case, he needs to have an individual that can grasp a few sentiments that had claimed him since he felt very surprising in his new stage. Then again, James Leonard makes differentiate about accepts that Sherwood Anderson has with respect to rigidity. He propose that frustrate cause profound sadness: â€Å"Almost any mistake, disappointment, disappointment, or breakdown of-expectations may make us tumble into an enthusiastic slump† In this point of view, baffle cause an otherworldly discouragement where individuals that are confronting issues like adjustment into society. At the point when Elizabeth, his mom, at long last passes on, George Willard is strangely unaffected from the outset. He concludes that now he will leave Winesburg. â€Å"Sitting with his mother’s cadaver, he starts to consider kissing Helen White. Having this idea while sitting close to his dead mother causes him to feel liable, and he starts to sob once more. He leaves the room, despite everything crying, defeat by a blend of fear and vulnerability. † (Anderson) However George recall things such when his mom passing hence he felt forlornness and possibly in certain minutes he was discouraged for both explanation; his mom and Helen White. Sherwood in his story â€Å"Sophistication† contentions: â€Å"The pity of modernity has gone to the kid. With a little holes he considers himself to be an only a leaf passed up the breeze through the roads of his villages†( p 423). That implies that he has reasonable for go up against the new world. He felt alone and his considerations are that he is going to kick the bucket uncertainly. Also, when individuals in the public arena are confronting circumstances that can influence their life like recollecting of past, thing like this was hard to defeat for them or achieve a few standards that society is show them such; bent related with sex, being a piece of completely industrialized world. Those thing can influence themselves. Additionally, in the event that they don't achieve those guidelines, they are segregate or they can't be a piece of the world. In some second they are called more odd individual or uncommon. The belief systems Modernism presents in Sophistication cause a few effect on society. Innovation has its own connection with independence. Therefore, they conviction are not shared by the religion. Innovation conviction that independence has relationship with freedom. Then again, â€Å"Sophistication† presents a degenerate enthusiasm on cash as a type of decline to acquire materials things. The perspective exemplified by Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† with an inconsequential citation: Helen emerged and went into the house. At the entryway prompting a nursery at the back she halted and stood tuning in. Her mom started to talk. â€Å"There is nobody here fit to connect with a young lady of Helen’s breeding,† she said. Helen ran down a stairway at the rear of the house and into the nursery. In the obscurity she halted and stood trembling. Her couldn't help thinking that the world was loaded with insignificant individuals saying words. With this model Anderson in his history attempt to show what significant are the material things for Helens mother, saying to educator that don't exist a man that can be compere with the status of Helen White. Nonetheless, Helen felt dismal in light of the fact that she imagines that in the word there are individuals who express inept things. Be that as it may, the mother doesn't consider Helen’s emotions since individuals who are realist couldn't care less about individuals who are around them. Besides Helen was thinking in George when she went to reasonable with the teacher. Moreover, Anderson assert that Helen’s thought was respect to George: Helen White was considering George Willard even as he meandered miserably through the groups thinking about her. She recalled the late spring evening when they had strolled together and needed to stroll with him once more. She felt that the months she had spent in the city, the going to theaters and the seeing of extraordinary groups meandering in lit lanes, had changed her significantly. She needed him to feel and be aware of the adjustment in her temperament. That implies that Helen is thinking in her affection and furthermore. Furthermore, she likewise was recalling things when they were in the city, those things she can't overlook since they resembled phantasy for her. Additionally, Helen White needs that George about certain adjustments in her inclination, those progressions must be with her growing up into womanhood. In any case, religion can't help contradicting this perspective that pioneer present in â€Å"Sophistication†. Religion has a few fundaments related with affection as significant column in people being. Then again, the religion censures the desire for materials thing since God instruct them in his book of scriptures that material things don't have anything to do with joy. Reina Valera makes a complexity about conviction of innovation: Make no store of riches for yourselves on earth, where it might be gone to clean by worms and climate, and where hoodlums may come in forcibly and remove it, But make a store for yourselves in paradise, where it won't be gone to tidy and where criminals don't come in to remove it: For where our riches is, there will your heart be. (Matthew 6:19, 20, 21) God guidance to make our best things the delights and wonders of the other world, those things not seen which are endless, and to put our bliss in them. Moreover, God attempts to encourage that on the off chance that we bite the dust all materials things we are going to remain in this world, thus materials things are not related with joy. To summarize, the vision of Sherwood Anderson as an innovation devotee has about the association that exist among over a wide span of time when youngsters are enduring a few changes when they are growing up how is available in â€Å"sophistication† Helen White was change her adolescence into womanhood simultaneously of George was change his youth into masculinity. However, it is additionally critical to consider that those progressions could influence their life since certain youngsters need not to be a piece of grown-up and a few minutes those progressions could be the principal reason for melancholy. All things considered, it is important to regard the observation that the religion has, it is interestingly of the aspiration of material things or to get cash. In any case, it is important to regard those convictions that each individual has about religion. Besides Reina Valera instruct us that material things don't have anything to do with satisfaction since God instruct us that it is progressively significant love since materials thing is going to remain in the earth when we kick the bucket.

Benefits of Help in Essay Writing

Benefits of Help in Essay WritingIf you are reading this article, it means that you have decided to take up help in essay writing. It is a very important decision for any student. It can either help or harm you and this should be weighed carefully before making any decisions. Here are some of the benefits that could come with help in essay writing:* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can improve your grades and self-esteem. It helps you learn to write in different genres. This has helped me a lot when I go back to school in the future.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - Your teachers can help you with essay writing. They will be more willing to provide help if you ask for it. A teacher is always sympathetic when the student asks for help.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can help others also. There are many people who do not know how to write essays and that is why they need help. If you can help them, then it can only help you.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - If you write well, then your grades will definitely go up. Remember, being educated has nothing to do with getting good grades.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - When you get help in essay writing, you will not need to be burdened by the tedious task of writing an essay. You can sit down and spend more time with your family or friends as you write your essay.* Benefits of Help in Essay Writing - You can share your essays to your friends. By doing so, you can gain acceptance and approval from them. You may even want to publish your essays in your college's newspaper and earn recognition for it.

Same Sex Marriage And Equal Rights Essay - 2005 Words

Before the issue of same-sex marriage and equal rights are approached, marriage must be defined. Marriage is a consensual, exclusive and lifelong commitment between one man and one woman, expressed in a physical union uniquely designed to produce and nurture children (Same-Sex Marriage Public Policy Statement, 2016). Marriage is both ubiquitous and central. All across our country, in every region, every social class, every race and ethnicity, every religion or non-religion, people get married. For many if not most people, moreover, marriage is not a trivial matter. It is a key to the pursuit of happiness, something people aspire to—and keep aspiring to, again and again, even when their experience has been far from happy (Nussbaum, 2009). Marriage, it soon becomes evident, is no single thing. It is plural in both content and meaning. First, marriage has a civil rights aspect. Married people get a lot of government benefits that the unmarried usually do not get: favorable treatment in tax, inheritance, and insurance status; immigration rights; rights in adoption and custody; decisional and visitation rights in health care and burial; the spousal privilege exemption when giving testimony in court; and yet others. Marriage has, second, an expressive aspect. When people get married, typically a statement of love and commitment in front of witnesses is stated. Finally, marriage has a religious aspect. Government plays a key role in all three aspects of marriage. It confers andShow MoreRelatedThe Same Sex Marriage Should Be Equal Rights1393 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutions which is based on the civil rights protection and ensure that each citizens has the right to participate in public social life. According to records, there are plenty of international civil rights declaration documents consider marriage and family as individuals or groups who are entitled to the protection of the government as human beings.† The US Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote on Friday that constitution guarantees a right to homosexual marriage which based on the constitution toRead MoreThe Fight For Equal Rights For Same Sex Marriages Across The United States1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight for Equal Rights for Same-Sex Marriages across the United States Having one loving parent is good. Having two loving parents is great. Having a mother and a father is traditional. Having two mothers or two fathers is wrong. This is what we are told to believe but as we learn from our past and grow as a society, we start to look for positive change in which our values are challenged and the truth becomes clear. It is not right to take away the basic rights of a person because ofRead MoreLegalizing Same Sex Marriage Is Not The End Of The Fight For Equal Gay Rights1801 Words   |  8 Pagesall state-level bans against same-sex marriage unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage all over the nation. While this ruling was a huge victory for the gay rights movement, it was not the end of the fight for equal gay rights. In fact, many gay people are still fighting for adoption rights, job safety, and government protections from abuse and segregation. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find solutions for a significant social issue such a s gay rights when both sides of the debateRead MoreThe Amendment Of Same Sex Marriage1441 Words   |  6 Pagesallow same sex couples to marry or have a marriage license. The Fourteenth Amendment talks about the right for Due Process. The Fourteenth Amendment protects privacy rights. Obergefell vs Hodges talks about same sex marriage. Some states did not want to give marriage licenses to the same sex and that was part of the issue in Obergefell versus Hodges. In the 1980s, it was hard to be gay or lesbian. It was considered criminal in some states. The Fourteenth Amendment does support the case of same sexRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized . The Same Sex Marriage1723 Words   |  7 Pages Same sex marriage should be legalized The same sex marriage has been widely debated in many countries for a long time. It is an important issue because it concerns basic moral and human rights. People all over the world come to the United States in search of freedom and equality. Being able to marry anyone, no matter the gender, is a freedom of right, but if that freedom of right is taken away from people than there is no equality. Homosexual peopleRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is A Matter Of Civil Law1270 Words   |  6 PagesSame-sex marriage is one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. In the past, marriage was recognized as a social union between a man and a woman and in most cultures, homosexuality was viewed as abnormal and forbidden. However, today, homosexual relationships are fighting their way towards global acceptance as the LGBT community has been extremely active, advocating for their right to marry since the early 90s. With an increased in tolerance for homosexuality in society, controversyRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Recognized?1692 Words   |  7 PagesKrisha McCoy Final Paper August 25, 2014 SHOULD GAY MARRIAGES BE RECOGNIZED ACROSS STATES There are many debates going on about whether gay-marriage should be recognized by all United States. Why is it that some states ban gay-marriage but others allow it? Why is it that some states declare that a ban on gay-marriage is unconstitutional yet others say it is not? Why is it that some states recognize gay-marriages from other states but others do not? These are some questions thatRead MoreMarriage Law : The Legal Union Of A Couple As Spouses1642 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is defined as the legal union of a couple as spouses. The elements of marriage include: (1) the parties legal ability to marry each other, (2) mutual consent of the parties and (3) a marriage contract as required by law. (Legal Information Institute, 2014, n.d.). In the United States, marriage law is regulated by the individual state. Standards such as age, residency, relation, mental capacity, and gender are requirements regulated on a state-by-state basis. Until recent changes, the DefenseRead M ore Should gay marriages be legalized? Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Should same sex marriages be legal? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years; the MP’s and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many are in favourRead MoreSupreme Court Case Study725 Words   |  3 PagesCourt had made, with a 5-4 majority, a controversial ruling decreeing that denying equal recognition to same-sex couples was in violation of the Equal Protections Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Those on the minority cited concerns of judicial restraint, the connection between marriage and procreation, and whether or not marriage is a Constitutional issue in the first place. Nevertheless, equal recognition for same-sex couples became the law of the land. History James Obergefell and his partner John

Greece And Its Cultural Literacy - 1333 Words

Home to more than 11 million people, 2000 islands, and a land border of only 735 miles long from West to East, the country of Greece is definitely noteworthy. In our constant efforts to assist the Middle East, getting to know one of their close neighbors seemed like a wise decision. Although we are not actively fighting in Greece, their proximity to Turkey has made them an unfortunate hiding place for jihadist groups. (Lister, Mantzikos 2015) Getting to know Greece; their culture, geography, military conflict history, and weather within Greece will help the U.S. Army to stay in front of any potential threats there. As well as keep us informed of the area and its people should we need to travel there. Greece and its culture Culture is defined by The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 3rd Edition, as the sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs, that distinguish one group of people from another. Culture is transmitted through language, material objects, rituals, institutions, and art, from one generation to the next. (Hirsch, Kett, Trefil, 2005) Greece is one of the oldest known places on record. Having existed for so long has created a lengthy history and it is very much a part of the culture that lives on today. 98% of the population belongs to the Greek Orthodox Church. The remaining 1.3% is Muslim and 0.7% is other. The most common language spoken in Greece is Greek. Greece s long history has become problematic for the Greek language. WrittenShow MoreRelatedJ. Population Standard of Living The total population of Bulgaria is 7.305 million people. The600 Words   |  3 PagesBulgaria that is urban is 73%. The life expectancy is 74 years of age in Bulgaria. The per capita GDP is $14,500. The literacy rate in Bulgaria is 98.4% of the population. The population of Greece is 11.28 million people. The Urban population is also 73%, which is the same as Bulgaria. The life expectancy rate is about 81 years of age. The per capita GDP is $24,900. The literacy rate in Greece is 96% of the population. The population of Turkey is 74 million people. The percentage urban population isRead MoreEssay about Technology and Literacy1668 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Literacy According to Eric Havelock, â€Å"Greek literacy changed not only the means of communication, but also the shape of the Greek consciousness. The Greek story is self-contained, yet the crisis in the communication which it describes as taking place in antiquity acquires a larger dimension when measured against what appears to be a similar crisis in modernity† (17). 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Furthermore, the assessment of both e-book usage as well as print book sales in some specific countries (Germany, Turkey and Greece), where Springer has a large eBook-penetration, shows that â€Å"not only its usage growing dramatically, the print business is not being cannibalized by eBooks, and in some cases, specifically the three countries covered in this investigation, eBooksRead MoreLiteracy : Piano : My Life1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthan Kelley Professor Adrienne DePrisco English 1113 09/13/2015 Literacy: Piano My life has always been tied to the piano in some shape or form. I can remember the first notes I ever produced. They came from a large Cable upright piano that had sat unused and out of tune for decades. From my early childhood and on my relationship with the piano consisted of nothing more than fleeting encounters. Some days I would sit down and simply play notes I thought sounded nice, but mostly the piano acted

Complan Case Study free essay sample

COMPLAN Too Much of a Good Thing? The problem of marketing Complan is somewhat unusual. It is, and it is perceived as, far superior to competing products. And that is precisely the problem. As one housewife remarked, Its too much of a good thing. Do I really need all that? The origin of Complan explains its vastly superior formulation. It was developed by Glaxo Laboratories as a complete and balanced nourishment for serious medical and surgical patients unable to take normal food. Introduced into the Indian market in the early sixties, Complan was first promoted ethically, that is, to doctors who then prescribed it for their patients. This ethical positioning as complete and balanced nourishment obtained very good support from doctors and a growing, if modest, tonnage of sales was achieved. However, after some time growth levelled off. In 1970, Glaxo set up a Family Products group in the Company with the object of promoting some of its ethical brands over-the-counter, that is, promoting them directly to consumers with mass media advertising. It was judged that this would greatly increase their sales volume. Complan was one such product and it more than justified those expectations—for a while. Positioning by Competitor In its very first public appearance, Complan adopted the strategy of Positioning by Competitor. It positioned itself directly against milk. Your body needs 23 vital foods, said the first ad, Milk gives 9- Complan gives all 23 (Exhibit 6. 6). Notice the semi-clinical look of the advertising which reflects the transition from ethical to consumer promotion. The copy gives considerable factual information about these 23 nutrients and how they affect bodily functions; e. g. protein to build up and repair tissues and cells; calcium for healthy teeth and bones; folic acid to form new blood cells; vitamin A for the eyes, etc. This advertising and the position assumed by the brand created a high degree of awareness and trials. The consumer offtake of the brand rose from a volume index of 100 in 1969-70 to 298 in 1973-74. The steady growth also reflected that a considerable number who tried the brand stuck to it and repeatedly purchased it (Figure 6. 2). Despite the success of this strategy, there was cause for rethinking. What really did this positioning imply? Taken to its logical extreme, it meant that Complan should displace milk from the dining table. In India, particularly, milk has a unique position in the consumers psyche. It is regarded as the source of life, growth and health; it is almost an object of reverence as a necessary ingredient in many religious rituals. Moreover, with Operation Flood well under way, milk, in the form of powder and also as fresh milk from the Mother Dairies, was being given a great deal of marketing and advertising support. Fighting milk would not be a cakewalk. And, as a socially aware corporate citizen, Glaxo wondered whether it should be in the business of knocking milk which formed such a vital part of the nations health and nourishment plans. Very wisely, this positioning strategy for Complan was abandoned. In fact, here was a classic instance of looking afresh at a key positioning decision: Which product class are we competing in? If not milk, then the logical product class definition had to be other malted milk-foods like Horlicks, Viva, Bournvita. This can also be described as the health beverage product class. Positioning vs. Horlicks The strategy seemed to be readymade! How should we reposition Complan? Why, against Horlicks, of course, the leader in the health beverage category? Just ask the consumer to compare the label of Complan, so packed with all good nourishing things, with the label of Horlicks whose list of ingredients runs out after naming a few. The positioning strategy was similar to what had proved to successful earlier—positioning by attributes and by the main competitor. Research data also showed that many Complan users were earlier users of Horlicks. The great nourisher—Horlicks—was to be treated as the reservoir from which would flow a steady stream of consumers to Complan. The new headline in the Press ads (1973-74) said: Your body needs 23 vital foods every day. Check: how many do other food drinks give? The consumer was urged to read the label on the Complan tin and to compare it with the label of his present brand, assumed to be Horlicks (Exhibit 6. 7). This strategy bombed. The year 1974-75 was the first time when sales of Complan declined (Figure 6. 2). A thorough review seemed called for. Review of Strategy Sales data as well as consumer research, including group discussions, brought some key problems to the surface. Price Complans price was almost twice that of Horlicks. Consumers agreed that Complan was a superior source of nourishment but they also felt it was too much of a good thing for them. Did they really need it? Taste Its taste was almost universally disliked, violently so by children, who were often forced to drink it by health-conscious mothers. Even a spoonful of sugar couldnt make it go down! Strategy Was Complan on the right track in its preoccupation with fighting the competitor, Horlicks, headon? Would it be better for Complan to achieve a perception in its own right? Instead of making Horlicks the standard of comparison, should one try to create a unique position for Complan and then ask consumers to judge if Horlicks or any other competitor could be substituted in that position? Dialogue with the Consumer Complans dialogue with the consumer had evidently broken down. Several interviews had the following pattern. Mother: Elderly person : I know Complan is good for him (my son), but he cant stand the taste. My doctor asked me to take Complan after my illness; now that I am all right, enough is enough. Housewife: Complan is good but we cant afford it. I think well switch over to Horlicks. It costs only half as much. Madam, why do you use Horlicks? Well, all of us work hard and I feel a bit more reassured if we take something extra, besides normal food. And its such a well-known product and a sort of family tradition, you see. But Madam, Complan gives you so much more nourishment than Horlicks. Well, were not a sick family, you know. What we need is a bit of extra nourishment, not a daily dose of medicine. Interviewer: Housewife: Interviewer: Housewife: A large mass of research data brought out one priceless nugget: In the Horlicks household there were more than two users of the product on the average. In the Complan household, the average number of product users was far less. This seemed significant—that Complan was perceived as something more special than Horlicks and was therefore more selectively used. While other brands like Bournvita and the industry were growing, Complan was not. But the more significant data was that even if there were few additional converts, there was steady repurchase of Complan by many households indicating that it had a core of loyal users despite its seeming handicaps. Why did they stick with Complan? Research plus judgement provided the answer. There were many households with children who were fussy eaters and mothers constantly worried about their lack of nourishment. There were workaholic husbands who skipped breakfast or lunch. There were elders and convalescents for whom the housewife felt responsible when they went off their food. And there was this marvellous woman herself, busy taking care of others and thoroughly exhausted at the end of her daily chores. The New Look of Complan Complan strategy went through a radical change. It was now decided to position it—not by competitor—but by target user and usage occasion. Complans position could now be stated as follows: Complan is ideal for totally fulfilling the nourishment needs of people who cannot or do not eat enough, because only Complan is complete with 23 vital foods for the body. Exhibit 6. 8 (1975-76) is an unambiguous example of advertising designed to serve a clear-cut positioning strategy. The cinema commercial (TV became available at a later date) dramatized these usage occasions more vividly: the problem eater child tossing his food aside; the husband rushing off with his uneaten breakfast on the table; the convalescing elder who has no appetite for food; the harassed housewife herself. In such situations, to what could the worried mother and housewife turn? What health drink would assure her of all the nourishment that was needed in these special, but everyday situations? The ads clearly presented Complan as a product which was unique and complete in its nourishment value. It was no longer too much of a good thing but the only brand with enough good things to give her the reassurance she needed. Could this position be adequately substituted by any other brand? No way. Not only Complan advertising, but the product itself wore a new and more attractive look. The package design was cleaned up and modernized. The products taste was improved through a change in the manufacturing process. New flavours were introduced: Chocolate, because of its universal popularity, especially with the young; Cardamom Saffron, a typically Indian flavour with images of health and goodness; the Strawberry flavour was reserved for later introduction—as a delicious, iced drink. And the price was increased! With this ad, Complan broke away from comparison with Horlicks to carve out its own distinct niche as the only complete health beverage to suit specific occasions and users. The Take-Off In a very real sense, this repositioning strategy, together with product improvements, provided the thrust for a take-off in sales. From an index number of 203 of sales volume in 1974-75 (1969-70 = 100), sales shot up to an index of 408 by 1978-79—a doubling of volume in four years. The availability of full-fledged commercial TV in 1978 and the heavy use of this medium by Complan gave the brand further thrust. It became clear that price was not the barrier to growth. By positioning Complan in a unique slot, consumers were persuaded to see that it had no real substitute and a new price-value perception was created for the brand. A Sharper, Narrower Positioning We had mentioned in Chapter 4, when discussing Positioning by User that good brands are invariably versatile in terms of usage and benefit segments. If you read the fine print in the earlier ads for Complan this versatility would become apparent. Take the very first ad with which Complan went public (Exhibit 6. 6). The copy reads: Who Should Take Complan Complan is ideal for growing children, busy adults (especially housewives and rushed officegoers), expectant and nursing mothers, elderly people and athletes. It had long been surmised that the actual users of Complan were predominantly children of school-going age. Later research corroborated this belief. It was found that close to half of the actual users of Complan were of school-going age. This was a far younger age profile than for other malted milk beverages. It is noteworthy that with sales rapidly increasing, the next repositioning exercise brought about a much more focussed and narrower positioning by target user, instead of broadening its user positioning. This calls for a great degree of strategic clarity and courage. The next ads positioned Complan single-mindedly for growing children and were created and released by Lintas in 1981 (Exhibit 6. 9). Sales data (Figure 6. 2) show that Complans growth was accelerated following this most recent re-positioning. But, with hindsight, you may wish to go more deeply into the reasons for this sharply focussed positioning for growing children and apparent indifference to other users, such as the elderly and the busy, active adult. You should note, however, that Complan was consistently advertised to the medical profession through ads such as in Exhibit 6. 0. Also note that a much higher percentage of Complan sales came from chemists as compared to other malted milk drinks. New Questions You may now wish to debate the following issues. †¢ Complan is the only beverage positioned for children which does not have a chocolate base (It has a variety, the most popular one, in chocolate flavour). An analysis of competitive advertising shows that all the brown b everages which have a chocolate base—Bournvita, Maltova, Boost, and Nutramul—are also positioned for children. Moreover, a new product, Sapans Active 25 has been introduced recently and positioned directly against Complan (Exhibit 6. 11). The ad claims that it has real chocolate and its got the one thing your kids will love. Taste. In early 1989, Cadburys launched Enriche for children between 2 and 10 years of age, with the claim of having 26 vital ingredients and as a Total Nutrition Food. How should Complan reinforce its position against such competitors? Complan, as we have seen, is versatile in its positioning opportunities. Should its positioning for other target users—expectant mothers, convalescents, the elderly and even weight-watchers (as an earlier ad suggested)—be confined to the medical press only? Or could one expect even faster growth if the brand were positioned for all these target segments through consumer advertising? Can positioning theory help us to find an answer? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Special analysis (1988) based on independent household panel data has shown something very significant. Households which have received a much higher exposure of Complans TV advertising (as recorded in the housewifes diary) compared to Horlicks, invariably purchased more Complan than Horlicks. Does this seem to call for experimentation with heavyweight TV advertising to medium and light Complan users to judge if the extra expenditure pays off in higher market shares and profits? Does it also suggest that the Media Planner for Complan should look for segments where it can command higher TV exposure than Horlicks within the available budget?

Three different types of imagery Essay Example

Three different types of imagery Paper There are three different types of imagery each different type is used to make a part of text seem particularly realistic as if the person can actually see what is happening. The three types of imagery are: Similes are when the text says something is like another as a comparison e. g. cold as ice. Metaphors are when the text says something is something else e. g. the wind was a slap in the face. The third type if imagery is personification this is where an object is given human properties e. g. the wind whipped through the sky. Shakespeare employed imagery so often for various reasons. The scenery for his plays were very basic so he needed to build up a mental image using words. Also Shakespeares plays were performed in hot mid summer days so the images had to take the audience to a different location such as a castle at night. Shakespeare implemented imagery for other reasons such as adding to the theme of the play or making a certain characters speech more dramatic. Imagery contributes heavily to the main theme of the play which is love the first cluster of images I have picked out is from act 1 scene 5 where Romeo sees Juliet for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Three different types of imagery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this scene Romeo compares Juliet to so many beautiful things he uses metaphors such as as a rich jewel in an ethiops ear. And so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows The first line of the speech is personified as it is impossible to teach a torch O she doth teach the torches to burn bright Theses quotes tie in with the theme of the play- love as they are all examples of Romeos infatuation with Juliet and how she looks. He describes her as, as pretty as jewels and doves, both figures of unequaled beauty. Also he says about how she has this quality that lights up the room and outshines even the torches in the room. This shows how highly Romeo regards Juliet by all the over exaggeration in his speech. Another example of a cluster where vast amounts of imagery is used is on page 45 where Juliet pines about the fact that Romeo is a Montague. She tells us how she loathes the name Montague with such passion but at the same time loves Romeo with the same force and her feelings are confusing her. This shows that hatred and love (the theme of the play) are very closely related and shows that one emotion can stem from another my only love sprung from my only hate. She also questions why it is that Romeo was hidden from her until the impression that all Montagues are vile was embedded into her train of thought so that it would be impossible to fall in love with one. Too early soon unknown, and known too late. The next line shows what an impact this feeling of love has had on Juliet Prodigious birth of love it is to me. This shows the epic proportions to which her love for Romeo has exploded. Imagery can also have a dramatic effect on a play it gives the audience an insight into how the characters think and feel such as when Romeo expresses in Act 1 Scene 5 how he truly feels about Juliet he calls her Beauty too rich for use. This could be perceived as Romeo describing Juliet as a diamond that is too valuable to be used in a piece of jewelry. Another use of dramatic imagery in Shakespeares plays is to create tension and atmosphere an example of this is where Tybalt is enraged at the appearance of Romeo and the other Montagues at the Capulet party this sparks an immediate feeling of hatred and tension is also built on what Tybalt will do to Romeo Tis he, that villain Romeo. He speaks sharply to keep pace in the speech. The third dramatic effect of imagery is that it reveals social values and strong religious beliefs held by many people in Elizabethan period. One example of this is the manner in which Juliet and Romeo play on the idea of saints and sin in act 1 scene 5 this shows that both people take their religion very seriously, so much so that is frequently used in their everyday speech. Sin from my lips? I believe that imagery plays a very important part in all of Shakespeares plays as it builds on the core aspects of both the play and its themes, they can also be used as improvisation on various occasions so as the audience gets a better feel of the events of the play.